There are some exemptions to Glasgow's LEZ, and zone residents have extra. 18 per day). The City of Berlin sells stickers online (in English or German) for 6€. 66 per day. The ULEZ applies to all vehicles that don’t meet the set emissions standards, including. In Zone 1, vehicles with an emission requirement of EURO 3 (vehicles manufactured after 2000) were allowed and, in Zone 2, the circulation was allowed to vehicles with EURO 2. 1. The designation of the Barcelona Ring Roads Low Emission Zone is a measure to improve the quality of the air we breathe, and at the same time to promote other ways of getting around the city, which guarantee safe, sustainable, equitable, efficient mobility. The first Lisbon LEZ phase began in July 4. The area of more than 95 km 2 is 20 times the size of Madrid’s zone and covers the entire metropolis. Pubs like Lommis or Fruh am Veedal Oct 19, 2023. Drivers of pre-Euro 4 petrol (generally pre-January 2006) and pre-Euro 6 diesel (generally pre-September 2015) cars are subject to an £8 daily charge if they wish to enter the inner confines of the. 3- Be careful to look up : just because a parking space is free does. This study aims to assess the air quality improvements in Lisbon with the LEZ implementation, analysing its impact on the air pollutant concentrations. It's well worth taking the time to browse through Enterprise's website, as you'll likely discover some exceptional deals. A Low Emission Zone has been introduced for the entire city of Paris and 82 communes of its close suburbs, as not all municipalities have yet issued judgements on the topic. To help our customers comply with the evolving legislative requirements for commercial vehicles operating in & around major UK cities like London, Maun Motors can supply a wide selection of hire vehicles which meet the Euro 6 emissions regulations, making them compliant. Budget Van Rentals in Lisbon. 2011, with the ban of pre-Euro 1 (also known as Euro 0) vehicles circulation in the city’s central area, between Marquês de Pombal and Terreiro do Paço (zone 1). Many owners of older diesel cars sold them and upgraded to a second-hand but newer petrol car, a hybrid car or an all-electric vehicle. 7 car rental locations. Crit'Air violations will become a class 4 traffic offence - which attracts a maximum penalty of €750. Cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants must introduce a low emission zone before 2023. To the right of this text is a map of all schemes. Low Emission Zones are one of a number of strategies that have been employed by governments to try to reduce, or limit, the emissions of air pollutants from road traffic within a specific spatial area (Ellison et al. euThe cheapest month to rent a car in Lisbon is November (when prices average $13. Low-Emission Zones (LEZ) – areas where Breaking the speed limit could result in either an on-the-spot or an automatic fine being sent to you. This kind of emission reduction schemes is always controversial since it. With the objective of answering this public health issue, an Air Quality Action Plan was developed in 2006 and the respective Enforcement Plan was published in 2009. Most rental car companies require drivers to be at least 18 and to have held their license for more than one year. 17,947 posts. Oslo is also implementing measures to remove cars from the city centre by 2019 and improve the. For further information about this scheme go to this useful website. 1. Compare from agencies. In order to find out which areas are restricted to certain vehicles, or to find out how to obtain. Access to the Barcelona Low Emission Zone is restricted from Monday to Friday between seven am and eight pm. Goldcar at Lisbon Airport can be contacted by telephoning on +34 965 843 186 to speak to the service team in the arrivals hall. The demonstration area is a low emission zone, and regulations have recently been adopted to promote improvements in air quality, the adoption of electric vehicles and the use of public transport. 2011, with the ban of pre-Euro 1 (also known as Euro 0) vehicles From the overall strategy, one of the major P&M presented in AQAPEP -LTV was the creation of a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) in Lisbon. Many companies also work with a surcharge called a “Young-drive fee”. Second, air. The Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) currently covers all areas inside (but not including) the North (A406) and South Circular (A205) roads, which form a ring road around central London. Save. Cars older than the year 2000 are not allowed to drive in this area between 7am and 9pm. 2. 2015. In Malaga city, for now you can enter, but only park in car parks, which are also more expensive. The situation for each country is listed below, in alphabetical order. You'll be able to select the perfect vehicle and secure the very. What is the cheapest car rental company in Lisbon? In the past 72 hours, the cheapest rental cars were found at SURPRICE CAR RENTAL (₪19/day), Dollar (₪19/day) and Klass Wagen (₪19/day). Cheapest train ticket cologne to Wuppertal and back Oct 18, 2023. One of them, Low Emission Zones (LEZs), limits access within a defined perimeter, usually the city center, to the least polluting vehicles. Answered: I would like to pick up my rental car at the airport and return the car in Central Madrid. 90 if the vehicle is registered in Germany, €17. In order to improve air quality, the most polluting vehicles are no longer allowed to enter the Ghent city centre (the. If you are using your car, you must bear in mind Madrid 360 / Low Emissions Area, the anti-pollution protocol that is sometimes activated and the Mobility regulation, which establishes the maximum speed limit in many streets at 30 km/h. One zone is the actual city centre, which is low lying ground. This may favour vehicles such as bicycles, micromobility vehicles, (certain) alternative fuel vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and zero-emission vehicles such as all-electric vehicles. In Zone 1, vehicles must meet the Euro 3 emissions standard to enter. This kind of emission reduction schemes is. The car hire desk is open for. The entire city centre of Antwerp and Linkeroever are a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) to ensure that air in the city becomes even cleaner. Sunday shopping in Cologne Oct 19, 2023. The regulation concerns cars, vans and (mini)buses and coaches, whether registered in Belgium or abroad. It’s a concept that is growing fast in Europe. In Madrid, for example, vehicles without a Spanish sticker will no longer be allowed to drive on the M-30 ring road. This study aims to assess the air quality improvements in Lisbon with the LEZ implementation, analysing its impact on the air pollutant concentrations. . 5 tonnes cannot enter either zone during active hours. Those living in the zone now have 2 years to comply with the zone standards. CRC Car Rental Company: Peugeot 208: 5: 2: Small cars:Abstract. Low emission zones are implemented to improve air quality in urban areas ( [2], [3]) by reducing the impact of traffic ( [4], [5]) on air pollution and reducing emissions of air pollutants, Green. Unauthorized entry into a ZTL is the most frequent fine received by drivers of rental cars, much more. To get a permit you have to fill out a form and send it to: Zarząd Dróg Miejskich w Poznaniu. Low Emission Zone stickers in Germany. Organizational Department. The cost from 8am-7pm is . Label C. Looks like i would need a B emission. This smart system, which also ensures reductions of over 5% in fuel consumption, can be used in diesel, biodiesel, gasoline, ethanol and LPG. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Enterprise customers can often find great deals by pre-booking a vehicle online. You can pay/appeal a LEZ Penalty Charge Notice by clicking on this link. . This measure was taken into. Free parking in many cities + no city restrictions in low emission zones. Reserve a Hertz car rental at Lisbon Airport. Lisbon - Rua Castilho 72. Hello - I am renting a car in Amsterdam and driving through Germany, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, and Belgium over 2. 30am and midnight, starting this summer. Certain areas of Portugal have low emission zones, meaning that only low-emission vehicles are allowed to drive there. In Italy, it is the near universal ZTLs which are likely to cause you trouble, Report inappropriate content. year -1 (scenario 2) and 8 ton. André. My plan was to rent a car in the airport (as we are 4) and spend the first 3 days in Lisbon, then go around Sintra, down to Algarve. Compare dozens of companies like Alamo, Thrifty, National, ACE, and Dollar for the best priced rental car for your trip. th. E-Tolls are in existence but rare. From 2025, the LEZ will also apply to trucks, mopeds and motorbikes. € 4. In a bid to fight air pollution cities in France have introduced a Low Emission Zone scheme whereby all vehicles must display a Crit Air Sticker determining its carbon emissions. GOLDCAR Car Rental Services at Lisbon Airport. My plan was to rent a car in the airport (as we are 4) and spend the first 3 days in Lisbon, then go around Sintra, down to Algarve. You don't need or want a rental car in Lisbon. Map. atmosenv. Pick up your vehicle at any of our locations in Lisbon or at the airport. Eco label. These are zones in which permanent traffic restrictions apply, and it is mandatory to display a Crit’Air sticker at all times. It generally affects larger vans, minibuses and lorries, but check before goingThe City of Berlin sells stickers online (in English or German) for 6€. 23, No. Posted: May 09, 2019 by Phil Partridge. P+R PARKING MUNICH. 3. -In Grenoble, Crit'Air vehicles have been banned from driving in the Low Emission Zone since 7 July 2023. 50 euro cents per 12 minutes, and after 7pm-11pm it is 20 euro cents. Answer 1 of 2: I would like to pick up my rental car at the airport and return the car in Central Madrid. Driving your lease car in low emission zones. In order to evaluate the effects of the measure, an. The total reduction of PM10 emissions associated to each scenario vary between 6 ton·year−1 (scenario 2) and 8 ton·year−1 (scenario 1), or 25% and 34% less emissions. Enjoy maximum flexibility with penalty-free cancellation on most car rentals. Pubs like Lommis or Fruh am Veedal Oct 19, 2023. In Madrid, for example, vehicles without a Spanish sticker will no longer be allowed to drive on the M-30 ring road. 9 car rental locations. Featuring two passenger terminals, Lisbon is a ‘focus airport’ for. Pick up. For built-up areas it’s 50km/h. The LEZ covers most of Greater London and is in operation 24 hours a day, every day of the year. In the red zone, parking costs €1. LEZ: Lisbon’s LEZ is divided into two sections: Zone 1 and Zone 2. The rules in Spain are getting stricter. Alternatively-fuelled vehicles made up more than a fifth of new car sales and around. . Looks like i would need a B emission. Latest prices: Economy $10/day. Economy £4/day. Compact R95/day. 100km/h (62mph) on major roads. An increasing number of cities keeps presenting new projects to close their urban centers to polluting vehicles. Municipal Police of Gambassi terme. Get your ride with a cheap car rental in Lisbon from any of the over 25 car hire locations in Lisbon. Low Emission Zone: Lisbon’s Experience. From the overall strategy, one of the major measures presented in this strategy was the creation of a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) in Lisbon, which has been operating since July 2011. Assuming you're not rolling with the Swedish. Do I need an emissions sticker for a rental car? Yes, emissions stickers are also required for rental cars. If these links become invalid, just use Google's picture search for "Umweltzone [name of city]" and you should get decent results. Answered: Hello guys, We are planning a week long trip around the lower half of Portugal with our starting point in Lisbon. 2011, with the ban of pre-Euro 1 (also known as Euro 0) vehiclesThe city of Lisbon, like many others in the EU region, introduced a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) as a tool for improving air quality in its city centre. Your rental car will not be among. 1. Euro 6 Lorry, Van & Minibus Rental. 00. 40 for the first hour, charged in 15-minute slots. According to ITDP’s definition, a low emission or car-free zone is a contiguous zone that restricts the use of polluting vehicles through priced and non-priced strategies. e. This means that mostly old vehicles (pre 1996) that don't meet modern anti pollution standards are no longer permitted in certain zones. Ana Cristina Carvalho. Lisbon’s Low Emission Zone . The implementation of a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is an important air quality policy action to reduce air pollutant emissions. Most Low Emission Zones apply to foreign-registered vehicles. Every vehicle entering the LEZ is registered with cameras. From the overall strategy, one of the major P&M presented in AQAPEP -LTV was the creation of a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) in Lisbon. Lisbon announced last week a new LEZ initiative in the central area of Baixa and Chiado. . Latest prices: Economy £4/day. This study aims to assess the air quality improvements in Lisbon with. Traffic, one-way streets and parking is very difficult. In the last 72 hours the cheapest rental car price was found at Klass Wagen Rua Doro 5, Camarate 2680-032 (4 miles from city center). What is mentioned here though is, as I already wote, that the zones are: "Enforced through cameras and number plate recognition". In the last 72 hours the cheapest rental car price was found at SURPRICE CAR RENTAL Aeroporto De Lisboa Portela 1700-008 (7 kilometers from city. In Nice, one of the main towns of southern France and a popular beach destination, the average price for a car is €71 in July but only €45 in both May and September. In 2017, Antwerp was the first city in Belgium to declare the area within its beltway a low emission zone. Look on N332 website for more details, do a search on low emission zones. C. In German low emission zones a sticker in the windshield is mandatory - see 'National Scheme'. Looking for car hire in Lisbon? Search prices from Centauro, Europcar, National, Sixt, Thrifty and keddy by Europcar. Glasgow City Council has extended a Low Emission Zone to all vehicles from May 2022. , in the university area € 0,50/hr. daily LV are far from achieving legal compliance in traffic stations. Lisbon is the only city in Portugal to have a low emission zone (LEZ) – and it's actually two zones. From 9th April 2019, the Ultra Low Emission Zone reflects that of the London Congestion Charge, however from 25th October 2021, it will be extended significantly. Save. 05% you can be fined anywhere between €250 to €1250. 258-267 km·h−1. From the city centre it’s a 45 minute drive to the westernmost piece of European mainland, and the beaches and coastline to the west of the city are breathtaking! If you want to give your…. Return the fine notice to the administration concerned (Antwerpen or Bruxelles) and state that the car was rented in Belgium and should therefore have been automatically registered for the LEZ. If your car has a red or yellow emissions sticker and you enter a zone where a green sticker is required, you will also be fined €100. Decomposition of Low emission zone strategies into mechanisms and methodology for assessing their impacts on air pollution. However, there are local differences, and it is important to know these differences if you travel from Ghent to Antwerp or Brussels on a regular basis. In this stage, only vehicles with an emission requirement of EURO 1 (vehicles manufactured after 1992) were. Re: Greater Paris low emission zone. Hariklar - Schmittgasse 44, 51143 Köln. Compare pricing on a variety of vehicles from different suppliers all in one place. The minimum age to rent a car is 19, with a driver’s license held for 1 year. . If you are caught with a Blood Alcohol Content greater than . In Lisbon, during the day, only certain types of vehicles may be driven, with different requirements in two separate zones: the historic center is only accessible to. The stay on P+R facilities is generally limited to 24 hours. For vehicles NOT displaying such a sticker, the driver may be subject to a fine of €40. Search and find Lisbon car hire deals on KAYAK now. The Singel forms part of the LEZ, with the exception of 3 road sections: Between Turnhoutsebaan and Stenenbrug/Herentalsebaan in 2 directions. In Toulouse, the Low Emission Zone came into effect on March 1st, 2022. Ghent has made a commitment as to environment-friendliness. high unemployment, low levels of homeownership, high rent burden, sensitive populations, or. SB-Tankstelle Z. Gardening, plants, insects and pests. Cologne Christmas Markets on 23rd December Oct 17, 2023. To get a permit you have to fill out a form and send it to: Zarząd Dróg Miejskich w Poznaniu. Premium $26/day. m. The country is covered with free national roads, and tolled motorways. it. From 2023, all cities with 50,000 inhabitants or more must set up low-emission zones - that’s about 150 cities. More information P+R PARKINGS STUTTGART Free parking is available on the P+R-locations on the outskirts of the city. An applied-for exemption is valid for five. 1. The R40 (Ghent ring road), the N430 (Nieuwewandeling-Blaisantvest), the B401 (E17 slip roads) and the N422 (Gent Zuid car park approach and exit roads) are not included in the low emission zone. For example, Lisbon, the capital in Portugal, has areas where only the least polluting vehicles are allowed on the road. 00/day. Cars older than the year 2000 are not allowed to drive in this area between 7am and 9pm. The first Lisbon LEZ phase began in July 4 th 2011, with the ban of pre-Euro 1 (also known as Euro 0) vehicles circulation in the city’s central area, between Marquês de Pombal and Terreiro do Paço (zone 1). Monday to Friday, 8am to 7pm (except bank holidays. Review of the efficacy of low emission zones to improve urban air quality in European cities. 80 to €2. A low-emissions zone. See Full PDF Download PDF. There are some exemptions and zone residents have extra time to comply. ing through the years, but Lisbon still have problems in AVL and SCB once they are still above the LV. In the Lanxess Arena, Cologne Zoo and Koelnmesse even on sunday. Save. year -1 (scenario 1), or 25% and 34% less emissions. The implementation of a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is an important air quality policy action to reduce air pollutant emissions. UK – London is currently the only city in the UK with a low emission zone in place. If. If hiring a car whilst in Europe make sure the car has one before you leave the car rental office. The Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) currently covers all areas inside (but not including) the North (A406) and South Circular (A205) roads, which form a ring road around central London. Always check your vehicle with the check tool before entering the LEZ. Book any type of vehicle you need - Sedan, Convertible, Truck, Luxury, Van, Jeep, and many more!Significant recent additions to the growing number of low emissions zones affecting UK-registered vehicles in Europe are Paris, Lyon and Grenoble in France, and Antwerp in Belgium. Operational hours. year -1 (scenario 1), or 1% and 7% less emissions. Stay and Charge. Brussels Environmental Zones. Check if your vehicle is affected. The emissions standard is a rating that indicates how low your diesel vehicle’s emissions are. published August 06, 2021. In Madrid, for example, vehicles without a Spanish sticker will no longer be allowed to drive on the M-30 ring road. 52 reviews. Answered: Hello guys, We are planning a week long trip around the lower half of Portugal with our starting point in Lisbon. it. Edited: 4 years ago Answered: Hello guys, We are planning a week long trip around the lower half of Portugal with our starting point in Lisbon. C$ 60 - C$ 156. You can choose between an electric car rental, a luxury car rental in. You can order a DGT label, from €5 plus postage, here. Search for cheap car rental deals in Lisbon. All vehicles entering the city centre zone area must now meet the less-polluting emission standards or face a penalty charge. In the first adjacent area around the city centre paid parking is set Monday to Friday from 09:00 -20:00 hours and on Saturday 09:00 - 18:00 hours. The Low emission zone is one of the policies used in urban areas to improve air quality by restricting the entry into a zone to the most polluting vehicles. Fifth day of advisory: The prohibition will extend to Euro 3 (diesel) vehicles from 7:30-10:30 and 16:30- 20:30. Scroll to find all cities. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. 2017. Pereira, P. However, if the fee is still not paid, the charge will continue to increase. Re: Low emission zone - driving. Search and. Low Emission Zone: Lisbon’s Experience. A small car rental is typically 63% less expensive than the average rental car in Lisbon. 50/hour. Enforcement of Glasgow's Low Emission Zone (LEZ) to improve air quality has begun. The aim is to reduce air pollution in Spain’s urban areas and by 2050 have a fleet of cars and light commercial vehicles. My understanding is that they are for local cars, which can easily be told by the letters on the license plates. The charge for private heavy goods vehicles. Re: Lisbon - Car rental - Low emission zone. The owner of any non-compliant vehicle detected within the low emission zone will initially face a fine of £60. Re: Lisbon - Car rental - Low emission zone. Lisbon’s Low Emission Zone . Hariklar - Schmittgasse 44, 51143 Köln. This map shows all European urban access regulations, including traffic restrictions, low emission zones, urban road tolls, congestion charges. What is the cheapest car hire company in Lisbon? In the past 72 hours, the cheapest car hires were found at Centauro ($8/day), GREEN MOTION ($8/day) and Klass Wagen ($8/day). 00/hr. This area covers an area of. You can check whether you need a label here. Compare dozens of companies like Sixt, Alamo, Hertz, Enterprise, and National for the best priced rental car for your trip. 5 | Renting Eligibility. 00-1. On some vehicles the Euro standard is on the inside of the (passenger or driver) door frame (when you open the door, look on all the surfaces of the door frame). Email : PEO police@comune. Diverse huurauto's, persoonlijke service met 24/7 pechhulp & 10. An evaluation and quantification of the effects for emissions and air quality of introduction of low emission zones in Denmark have been performed using a combination of air quality measurements, Alert. André. 09:00 - 23:00. From 1 January 2022, the Brussels Capital Region will no longer allow Euro 4 diesel cars in in the 19 municipalities of Brussels. km), just 1. Answered: Hello guys, We are planning a week long trip around the lower half of Portugal with our starting point in Lisbon. 7,193 posts. Re: Geneva airport car rental: low emission zones? Geneva is the only region in Switzerland that has some "emergency plan" in case of high air pollution levels. 05%). . These restrictions will apply from 1 January 2024 for Crit'Air 4 cars and from 1 January 2025 for Crit'Air 4 cars, and are limited to certain hours (Monday to Friday, 7am to 7pm). Central Madrid is now a low emission zone and I am curious if there are any issues driving my rental in central Madrid. Plus Hertz employees have started to benefit the environment by offsetting the carbon dioxide (CO2) generated by our business trips or when we rent cars. The Barcelona Low Emission Zone (Catalan: Zona de Baixes Emisions) was introduced in 2020 to reduce the adverse effects of vehicle emissions on the health of Barcelona residents. 35 helpful votes. gambassi-terme. An increasing number of cities keeps presenting new projects to close their urban centers to polluting vehicles. And the traffic in Milan is such that I. By Silvia Pellegrino. Central Madrid is now a low emission zone and I am curious if there are any issues driving my rental in central Madrid. 50 if the vehicle is not registered in Germany. And if weather and pollution combine within certain parameters the city council has the right to stop traffic. fi. Lisbon. Low Emission Zone called Barcelona Zona de Bajas Emisiones (ZBE) – DGT (Distintivo Ambiental) is required. There are many websites about this Low Emission Zone topic and one of the most trusted. Subscribe for exclusive offers and deals! You can update your at any time. . During this time, vehicles entering the area must have an. Include a copy of the hire car company's invoice to prove that it was hired in Belgium. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Did you know that you can drive old cars in the centre of Lisbon? Well, Ultimate Cell is a certified device that reduces CO 2 emissions by up to 80% and is duly authorized by the Lisbon City Council. 5 weeks. Drivers of vehicles which do not meet emissions standards face fines. The analysis performed from 2009 to 2016 showed an. A normal toll can be paid for by cash, credit card or using a Via Verde transponder. Failure to do so will result in a fine currently ranging from. Frequently asked questions about the LEZ. This message pops up for routes out of the city both north and south: Important information concerning your route - your journey passes through a low emission zone in. Re: Low emission zone - driving. 70 per day. Lisbon Tourism Lisbon Hotels Lisbon Bed and Breakfast Lisbon Vacation. My plan was to rent a car in the airport (as we are 4) and spend the first 3 days in Lisbon, then go around Sintra, down to Algarve. Municipal Police of Gambassi terme. 00-15. 2012, Journal of Environmental Protection. You may be surprised to learn that over 200 cities, across 10 European countries, have Low Emission Zones. Search for the best prices for Budget car rentals in Lisbon. 02% for professional drivers like truck drivers or delivery drivers. Many German cities have emission zones. Glasgow’s Low Emission Zone (LEZ) will soon come into force as the Scottish Government aims to address the higher levels of pollution in the city. The price is 50% lower than the rest of the year at just $15 per day. A small car rental is typically 68% less expensive than the average rental car in Lisbon. ing through the years, but Lisbon still have problems in AVL and SCB once they are still above the LV. 75 euro cents per 15 minutes which is equivalent to 3 euro per hour. Green-Zones. Compare car suppliers to unlock big savings, and package your flight, hotel, and car to save even more. Emission rules. Low Emission Zone: Lisbon’s Experience. TÜV-SÜD offers stickers for 15€ in Deutsch, Česky, Français, English, Italiano, Polski, Türkçe. As we have already mentioned, ZBE is the acronym for Low Emission Zone (Zona de Baixes Emissions, in Catalan), a protected area where access to the most polluting vehicles is restricted. It affects Greater London and is enforced with fixed mobile cameras that read your number plate. In the UK this is in the V5C (V5C registration certificate, or log book in section D. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Average price of $47. What is the cheapest car hire company in Lisbon? In the past 72 hours, the cheapest car hires were found at Klass Wagen ($9/day), GREEN MOTION ($10/day) and SURPRICE CAR RENTAL ($11/day). Daily max € 15. ) open 24/7. 6. . Across most of the car parks, the beginning rate is €0. Serving Portugal’s capital, Lisbon Airport is around 7km (4. Save. Motorcycles and mopeds are not included in the current LEZ schemes and no. This message pops up for routes out of the city both north and south: Important information concerning your route - your journey passes through a low emission zone in. Norway. One-way Car Hire in Lisbon. Here in Belgium. 1. This became mandatory for cars as of 1 October 2018. This study aims to assess the air quality improvements in Lisbon with the LEZ implementation, analysing its impact on the air pollutant concentrations.